Research on technical system and practical pathway for ecological restoration of historically left abandoned mines based on NbS

Ecological restoration of historically left abandoned mines constitutes an important component and a key priority area of ecological conservation and restoration in territorial spaces. Its restoration effectiveness directly determines the "degree to which the weaknesses" are addressed in the territorial space ecosystem. Under the new circumstances, it is urgent to systematically address the problem of abandoned mines through new concepts, new technologies, and new standard, and promote the integrated development of the ecological restoration service industry. "Nature-based Solutions (NbS)" is regarded as a core means to achieve sustainable development. By expounding on its connection with the ecological restoration of historically left abandoned mines, a full-cycle nature-coordinated ecological restoration technology system has been established, which features "multi-dimensional base diagnosis-nature-adapted scheme design-modular collaborative and targeted implementation-long-term monitoring and dynamic optimization-ecological value transformation and long-term management". This study also analyzes the multi-dimensional challenges it faces in terms of natural base, policy mechanism, technology adaptation, economic sustainability, social coordination, and monitoring and evaluation, and puts forward practical paths including continuous theoretical research, strengthened technical practice, promotion of long-term monitoring, improvement of policies and regulations, and emphasis on public participation. The study also explores the practical significance of the thought on ecological civilization for NbS in the ecological restoration of historically left abandoned mines, and summarizes the experience and insights from the application of NbS in this field, with the aim of aligning ecological restoration efforts with the local natural characteristics of the mines. These efforts aim to make the ecological restoration work conform to the local natural characteristics of mines, and ultimately achieve a new pattern of self-sufficiency and self-circulation in the ecological restoration of historically left abandoned mines.