Abstract: In order to study the relationship between error management atmosphere and safety performance and improve the level of safety production in coal mine enterprises, based on the data obtained from the questionnaires of 3 coal mine enterprises in Shanxi Province and the method of structural equation model, by introducing the safety attitude as an intermediary variable, this paper discussed the internal influencing mechanism of error management atmosphere, safety attitude and safety performance from four dimensions, including error learning, error thinking, error ability and error communication. The results show that the high level of error management atmosphere has a significant positive effect on the safety attitude of employees and the safety performance of the enterprise; safety attitude positively affects safety performance, which plays a complete mediating role in the relationship between error learning, error thinking and safety performance, and a partial mediating role in the relationship between error ability, error communication and safety performance.