Abstract: In response to the non-constant stress characteristics of the transition from rapid reloading to quasi-static bearing of the surrounding rock of the bottom plate of the gob-side entry retaining by roof cutting,uniaxial variable-rate loading tests were carried out on the bottom plate rock samples under different crack inclination angles. Combined with particle flow PFC2D numerical simulation and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring methods, the mechanical response, crack propagation law, and damage evolution characteristics of cracked floor rock samples were systematically explored. The results show that the stress-strain evolution process of rock samples with different fracture inclination angles is consistent,and they all undergo four typical stages:compaction,elastic deformation,yield,and post-peak instability;as the inclination angle of the cracks increases, the peak bearing strength of the rock mass increases overall,and the post-peak softening deformation rate gradually slows down. The failure mode of the rock mass gradually changes from single tensile failure dominated by low inclination angle to tensileshear composite failure under high inclination angle. At the same time,the variable-rate loading condition can effectively prolong the duration of crack propagation inside the rock mass,promote more complete accumulation of damage inside the rock mass,and lead to show clear phased evolution patterns of acoustic emission events. This study elucidates the progressive damage,crack propagation,and overall instability mechanism of the rock mass under the coupling effect of crack inclination angle and variable-rate loading,which can provide theoretical basis for the stability control and support optimization of the surrounding rock mass of the roadway bottom plate.