Abstract: In order to study the change characteristics of surface water and deep Ordovician limestone water and No.10 _down limestone water, 28 water samples (9 samples of Ordovician limestone water, 6 samples of No.10_down limestone water and 13 samples of surface water) from Dongtan Coal Mine were selected from the perspective of water chemistry for comparative analysis.The Piper three-line diagram of water chemistry in the study area was drawn, and the ion correlation of the typical hydrochemical characteristics of three kinds of water samples was analyzed, and the controlling factors of ground water chemical composition were discussed by factor analysis.Then by analyzing the mechanism of water-rock interaction, the main controlling factors of Ordovician limestone water, No.10_down limestone water and surface water and the change process of water environment were compared. The analysis results show that carbonate dissolution and sulfate dissolution and silicate weathering existed in Ordovician limestone water; there are evaporative karstic decomposition, silicate weathering and desulphuric acid in No.10_down limestone water, among which evaporative karstic decomposition is dominant, and it is mainly in the static reserves, which is easy to dry; there are sulfate dissolution, carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering in the surface water, it is found that the silicate weathering of surface water is stronger than that of deep Ordovician limestone water and No.10_down limestone water. The three kinds of water have a certain degree of cation alternate adsorption and silicate mineral dissolution, and the control factors of surface water and deep water are obviously different.The research results provide important basis for Dongtan Coal Mine water inrush source identification.