Abstract: Through numerical simulation forward modeling, the typical geological anomaly models such as faults, collapse columns and limestone aquifers in Xishan mining area were analyzed, and the transient electromagnetic response rules of anomalies were obtained. The results show that when using transient electromagnetic method (TEM) to detect faults in underground roadway, the distance between the fault plane and the excitation source of the excavation face has a great influence on the detection results; when detecting an aquifer, the detection effect are affected by the thickness and electrical characteristics of the rock layer where the excitation source is located, as well as the electrical characteristics of the aquifer and the distance between the aquifer and the source point, and the greater the electrical difference between the aquifer and the adjacent rock layer, the more obvious the detection effect will be; when detecting the water-bearing collapse column, the center of induced current density gradually moves to the center of the collapse column and finally overlaps; the center of the transient electrically induced current density of the non-water-bearing collapse column moves away from the collapse column until the complete attenuation is completed. There should be a certain difference in electrical properties between the collapse column and the rock layer where the excitation source is located, and the resistivity value of the rock layer where the excitation source is located should be at least twice that of the lithologic resistivity value of the collapse column.