Abstract: In order to solve the contradiction between the weak anti-interference ability, strong fluctuation of time and space, high heterogeneity of environment and environmental degradation caused by the discharge of large amount of solid waste in the ecologically fragile region in western China. On the basis of summarizing the research progress and existing problems of comprehensive utilization of solid waste, this paper analysis the advantages and ecological requirements of solid waste filling technology, systematically describes the research progress of filling coal mining technology with solid waste treatment function, including the connotation of the technology of polymorphic filling, and the development history, technical principles, design methods, application conditions of solid filling technology, paste filling technology and slurry filling technology.Finally, the paper introduces the typical application project of the polymorphic filling technology in the fragile ecological areas of the western China. Practice shows that the technology of polymorphic filling can be applied in the fragile ecological areas according to local conditions, which can safely and efficiently deal with the large amount of solid waste, control the movement of rock strata and protect groundwater resources in the process of coal production and utilization, and realize the coordinated and healthy development of economic development and ecological protection.